GPT-4o (2024-05-13) Behavioral Fingerprint
How OpenAI's GPT-4o (2024-05-13) answers one-word probe questions at temperature 1.0 — random numbers, colors, animals, coin flips — measured over 444 valid samples in the open dataset of "One Token Is Enough" (arXiv:2607.10252).
Vendor
OpenAI
Data generated
2026-07-08
Probe cells
15
Valid samples
444
Randomness score
27 / 100
Mean normalized entropy across cells, 0–100. 100 would be a uniform-random baseline; real models score far lower.
Signature answers
Favorite random number (1–100)
42
13 / 30 answers
Favorite color
blue
10 / 30 answers
Coin flip: heads
90%
Share of heads across coin-flip cells.
Answer distributions by probe cell
Empirical distributions of normalized one-word answers, per task and language. H is the Shannon entropy in bits; the uniform baseline is log2 of the answer-domain size.
Coin flip · English
n = 30 · H = 0.65 bit · uniform baseline 1.00 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| heads | 25 | 83.3% |
| tails | 5 | 16.7% |
Coin flip · Chinese
n = 30 · H = 0.21 bit · uniform baseline 1.00 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| heads | 29 | 96.7% |
| tails | 1 | 3.3% |
Favorite number · English
n = 24 · H = 1.66 bit · uniform baseline 13.29 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | 15 | 62.5% |
| 42 | 5 | 20.8% |
| 3 | 1 | 4.2% |
| 4 | 1 | 4.2% |
| 9 | 1 | 4.2% |
| 57 | 1 | 4.2% |
Favorite number · Chinese
n = 30 · H = 1.45 bit · uniform baseline 13.29 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | 21 | 70.0% |
| 42 | 5 | 16.7% |
| 3 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 8 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 9 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 17 | 1 | 3.3% |
Random animal · English
n = 30 · H = 0.84 bit · uniform baseline 5.64 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| elephant | 22 | 73.3% |
| tiger | 8 | 26.7% |
Random animal · Chinese
n = 30 · H = 3.00 bit · uniform baseline 5.64 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 老虎 | 8 | 26.7% |
| 猫 | 5 | 16.7% |
| 狮子 | 5 | 16.7% |
| 大象 | 4 | 13.3% |
| 狐 | 2 | 6.7% |
| 豹 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 虎 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 豹子 | 1 | 3.3% |
+ 3 more answers
Random city · English
n = 30 · H = 1.51 bit · uniform baseline 5.64 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| tokyo | 20 | 66.7% |
| paris | 6 | 20.0% |
| lisbon | 1 | 3.3% |
| toronto | 1 | 3.3% |
| kyoto | 1 | 3.3% |
| madrid | 1 | 3.3% |
Random city · Chinese
n = 30 · H = 1.77 bit · uniform baseline 5.64 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 巴黎 | 13 | 43.3% |
| 东京 | 10 | 33.3% |
| 北京 | 4 | 13.3% |
| 上海 | 3 | 10.0% |
Random color · English
n = 30 · H = 2.28 bit · uniform baseline 4.91 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| blue | 10 | 33.3% |
| cerulean | 8 | 26.7% |
| azure | 7 | 23.3% |
| emerald | 2 | 6.7% |
| teal | 1 | 3.3% |
| blues | 1 | 3.3% |
| turquoise | 1 | 3.3% |
Random color · Chinese
n = 30 · H = 0.21 bit · uniform baseline 4.91 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 蓝 | 29 | 96.7% |
| 绿 | 1 | 3.3% |
Random letter · English
n = 30 · H = 2.37 bit · uniform baseline 4.70 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| g | 13 | 43.3% |
| k | 5 | 16.7% |
| j | 3 | 10.0% |
| m | 3 | 10.0% |
| q | 3 | 10.0% |
| r | 2 | 6.7% |
| p | 1 | 3.3% |
Random number 1-10 · English
n = 30 · H = 0.42 bit · uniform baseline 3.32 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | 28 | 93.3% |
| 3 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 5 | 1 | 3.3% |
Random number 1-10 · Chinese
n = 30 · H = 0.21 bit · uniform baseline 3.32 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | 29 | 96.7% |
| 5 | 1 | 3.3% |
Random number 1-100 · English
n = 30 · H = 1.70 bit · uniform baseline 6.64 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 42 | 13 | 43.3% |
| 57 | 13 | 43.3% |
| 54 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 62 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 73 | 1 | 3.3% |
| 87 | 1 | 3.3% |
Random number 1-100 · Chinese
n = 30 · H = 1.16 bit · uniform baseline 6.64 bit
| Answer | Count | Share |
|---|---|---|
| 42 | 21 | 70.0% |
| 57 | 6 | 20.0% |
| 47 | 3 | 10.0% |
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Distributions: Tomáš Bruckner, "One Token Is Enough" (arXiv:2607.10252), official dataset Zenodo DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21278557, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Collected via OpenRouter at temperature 1.0 under the paper's fixed minimal one-word system prompt; answer keys are re-normalized with the checker's pipeline (color aliases, number words, coin h/t) so live probes are directly comparable.